Impact of Economic Factors on Women Entrepreneurial Performance of Pakistan; Comparative Study of Registered and Non- Registered Women Entrepreneurs
Abstract
This paper investigates and explores the influence of Economic Factors on performance of women owned small and medium enterprises of Pakistan. The prevailing economic environment of Pakistan with regard to women entrepreneurship has been discussed. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the impact of economic factors on two groups i.e. registered and non-registered Pakistani women entrepreneurs using a self-administered questionnaire. Data was collected on a sample of 506 women entrepreneurs which was obtained through stratified sampling method. The study reveals that economic factors have a positive impact on women entrepreneurial performance on registered entrepreneurs but not on non-registered group. Suggestions have been given for creating environment of providing access to financial resources for both registered as well as non-registered women entrepreneurs.
References
Adeyeye, M., Ikupolati, A., &Ndibe, L. (2018).An Empirical Study on the Disparity between Small Businesses and Entrepreneurship in Developing Economies. In ICIE 2018 6th International Conference on Innovation and Entrepreneurship: ICIE 2018 (p. 8). Academic Conferences and publishing limited.
Aldrich, H. (1989). Networking among women entrepreneurs. Women-owned businesses, 103, 132.
Ali, A., Soomro, A. K., & Kumar, R. (2015).exploring the factors of women ENTREPRENEURES IN pakistan. IBT JOURNAL OF BUSINESS STUDIES (JBS), 11(1).
Anwar, M. U., & Rashid, A. G. (2011).Female Entrepreneurs–A Review of the Literature and Proposed Conceptual Framework. In Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Business Management (ISBN: 978-969-9368-06-6) www. umt. edu. pk/icobm2012/pdf/2C-78P. pdf, accessed (Vol. 16).
Aslam, S., Latif, M., &Aslam, M. (2013). Problems faced by women entrepreneurs and their impact on working efficiency of women in Pakistan. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 18(8), 1204-1215.
AzamRoomi, M., & Harrison, P. (2010). Behind the veil: women-only entrepreneurship training in Pakistan. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 2(2), 150-172.
Baughn, C. C., Chua, B. L., &Neupert, K. E. (2006). The normative context for women's participation in entrepreneruship: a multicountrystudy.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), 687-708.
Brush, C. G. (1992).Research on women business owners: Past trends, a new perspective and future directions. Small Business: Critical Perspectives on Business and Management, 1038-70.
Brush, C. G., &Vanderwerf, P. A. (1992). A comparison of methods and sources for obtaining estimates of new venture performance. Journal of Business venturing, 7(2), 157-170.
Brush, C., Carter, N., Gatewood, E., Greene, P., & Hart, M. (2004). Clearing the hurdles: Women building high-growth businesses. FT Press.
Buttner, E. H., & Rosen, B. (1988).Bank loan officers' perceptions of the characteristics of men, women, and successful entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 3(3), 249-258.
Carbo‐Valverde, S., Rodriguez‐Fernandez, F., &Udell, G. F. (2016). Trade credit, the financial crisis, and SME access to finance. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 48(1), 113-143.
Carr, M. (1990). Women in small-scale industries–some lessons from Africa.Small Enterprise Development, 1(1), 47-51.
Carter, N. M., Williams, M., & Reynolds, P. D. (1997). Discontinuance among new firms in retail: The influence of initial resources, strategy, and gender. Journal of business venturing, 12(2), 125-145.
Carter, S., & Cannon, T. (1992). Women as entrepreneurs: A study of female business owners, their motivations, experiences and strategies for success. Academic Press.
Carter, S., & Marlow, S. (2007). Female entrepreneurship: theoretical perspectives and empirical evidence. na.
Chakraborty, A., Sharma, P., &Chaturvedi, C. (2019).Increasing Impact of Self-Help Groups on Women Empowerment and Poverty Alleviation: A Study of Reliability. International Journal of Advance & Innovative Research, 6(2), 35-38.
Chandler, G. N., & Hanks, S. H. (1994). Market attractiveness, resource-based capabilities, venture strategies, and venture performance. Journal of business venturing, 9(4), 331-349.
Drucker, P. F. (1987). Innovation and entrepreneurship.Newbridge Communications.
Greene, P., Brush, C., Hart, M., &Saparito, P. (1999). Exploration of the venture capital industry: is gender an issue. Frontiers of entrepreneurship research, 168-181.
Henry, C., Hill, F., & Leitch, C. (2005). Entrepreneurship education and training: can entrepreneurship be taught? Part I. Education+ Training, 47(2), 98-111.
Hisrich, R. D., & Brush, C. G. (1983). The woman entrepreneur: Implications of family, educational, and occupational experience. Frontiers of entrepreneurship research, 255-270.
Hisritch, R. D., &Brusch, C. G. (1986). The woman entrepreneur: Starting, financing, and managing a successful new business. Lexington Books.
Holmquist, C., &Sundin, E. (1988). Women as entrepreneurs in Sweden: Conclusions from a survey.
Johnson, S., &Storey, D. (1993). Male and female entrepreneurs and their businesses: A comparative study. na.
Kamunge, M. S., Njeru, A., &Tirimba, O. I. (2014). Factors Affecting the Performance of Small and Micro Enterprises in Limuru Town Market of Kiambu County, Kenya. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 4 (1).
Khurshid,M. (2018). Development of Psychological Integral Model for Women Entrepreneurship in South Asia (Evidence from Pakistan). A Mediated and Moderated Model. (Doctoral dissertation, CAPITAL UNIVERSITY).
Kooper, G. (1993). Women entrepreneurs and the granting of business credit.na.
M. Carter, N., & R. Allen, K. (1997). Size determinants of women-owned businesses: choice or barriers to resources?. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 9(3), 211-220.
Marlow, S., & Patton, D. (2005). All credit to men? Entrepreneurship, finance, and gender. Entrepreneurship Theory and practice, 29(6), 717-735.
Microwatch (2008), “A Quarterly Update on Microfinance Outreach in Pakistan”; available at www.microfinanceconnect.info/download.php?f=37_microwatch__issue_6.pdf&action=path2; last accessed on 12/10/2013
Muhammad, I. B., Bambale, A. J. A., Ibrahim, M. A., &Sulaiman, S. A. (2019). Loan Characteristics, Loan Repayment and Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in Kano Metropolitan: A Mediating Model. Journal of Finance, Accounting and Management, 10(1), 43-56.
Nasir, M., Iqbal, R., & Akhtar, C. (2019). Factors Affecting Growth of Women Entrepreneurs in Pakistan. Pakistan Administrative Review, 3(1), 35-50.
Nina Gunnerud, B. (1997). Gender, place and entrepreneurship.Entrepreneurship& Regional Development, 9(3), 259-268.
Nordin, M. (2005). Woman in business: Determinants for venturing in Malaysian SMEs. Retrieved December, 6, 2006.
Olm, K., Carsrud, A., &Alvey, L. (1988). The role of networks in new venture funding for the female entrepreneur: A continuing analysis. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Wellesley, MA: Babson College, 43-55.
Orser, B. J., & Foster, M. K. (1994).Lending practices and Canadian women in micro-based businesses. Women in Management Review, 9(5), 11
Parker, S. C. (2018). The economics of entrepreneurship. Cambridge University Press.
Rajput, A. A. (2011). Developing entrepreneurial model for Pakistan SMEs: A case study on commercial fast food SMEs. Islamabad: Department of Management & Social Sciences, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University.
Riding, A. L., & Swift, C. S. (1990). Women business owners and terms of credit: some empirical findings of the Canadian experience. Journal of business venturing, 5(5), 327-340.
Sandberg, W. R., & Hofer, C. W. (1988). Improving new venture performance: The role of strategy, industry structure, and the entrepreneur. Journal of business venturing, 2(1), 5-28.
Sara, C., & Peter, R. (1998).The financing of male–and female–owned businesses. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 10(3), 225-242.
Sassen, S. (2016). The Global City: Strategic Site, New Frontier. In Managing Urban Futures (pp. 89-104). Routledge.
Schwartz, E. B. (1976). Entrepreneurship-New Female Frontier.Journal of Contemporary Business, 5(1), 47-76.
Sharma, P., &Chakraborty, M. A. (2019). An Analytical Study Of Socio-economic And Motivational Factors Affecting Women Entrepreneurs. Research Review International Journal of Multidisciplinary, 4 (6), 57-60.
Shaw, E., Marlow, S., Lam, W., & Carter, S. (2009). Gender and entrepreneurial capital: implications for firm performance. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 25-41.
Smith-Hunter, A. E., & Boyd, R. L. (2004). Applying theories of entrepreneurship to a comparative analysis of white and minority women business owners. Women in Management Review, 19(1), 18-28.
Srinivasan, R., Woo, C. Y., & Cooper, A. C. (1994). Performance determinants for male and female entrepreneurs.Frontier Entrepreneurship Research.Recuperado 01/06/2012 de http://fusionmx.babson. edu/entrep/fer/papers94/raji. htm.
Tur-Porcar, A., Roig-Tierno, N., & Llorca Mestre, A. (2018). Factors Affecting Entrepreneurship and Business Sustainability. Sustainability, 10(2), 452.
Tur-Porcar, A., Roig-Tierno, N., &LlorcaMestre, A. (2018).Factors affecting entrepreneurship and business sustainability. Sustainability, 10(2), 452.
Van der Wees, C., &Romijn, H. (1987). Entrepreneurship and Small Enterprise Development for Women in Developing Countries: An Agenda of Unanswered Questions: Discussion Paper Based Upon Research. International Labour Office, Management Development Branch.
Vivarelli, M. (2012). Entrepreneurship in advanced and developing countries: A microeconomic perspective.
Watson, J. (2002). Comparing the performance of male-and female-controlled businesses: relating outputs to inputs. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 26(3), 91-101
Welsch, H. P. & Gundry, L. K. (2001). The ambitious entrepreneur: high growth strategies of women-owned enterprises. Journal of business Venturing, 16(5), 453-470.
Wennekers, S., &Thurik, R. (1999). Linking entrepreneurship and economic growth. Small business economics, 13(1), 27-56.
Wiklund, J. (1998) Small firm growth and performance: Entrepreneurship and beyond Jönköping International Business School
Wube, M. C. (2010). Factors Affecting the Performance of Women Entrepreneurs in Micro and Small Enterprises. The case of Dessie Town. India.
Yousuf, A. (1995). Critical success factors for small business: perceptions of South Pacific entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business Management, 33, 2-68.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Arooj Zeb
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
